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| Source: Psychology Today |
This report of a "Y-chromosone Bottleneck" that occurred seven thousand years ago raises some interesting questions.
In it, the author theorizes that war may have the effect of simplifying the male genome to the point that it's like having but one man for every 17 women. Sounds like a male fantasy, but is it good for humanity and the potential for our survival on our planet?
Research shows that healthy populations depend on genetic diversity such as in this report from 2015, Genetic Diversity Linked to Today's Taller, Smarter People. So if war has the effect of creating a male genome bottleneck, does the bottleneck limit the diversity needed to maintain a healthy population? Could genetic bottlenecks be the reason that some militarily aggressive cultures such as the ancient Romans and Greeks are very peaceful today? i.e., have they had the aggression breed out of them by years of wars in which the most warlike men died in battle or the epidemics that spread through armies?
The flip side is the question of whether a successful culture can maintain it's edge so to speak by encouraging immigration and intermixing?
And what happens to groups that reject others genetically different than themselves? Are they creating a genetic bottleneck that will impact their descendants for generations to come?
A side thought: could genetic bottlenecks of the past created pressure that led to cultures allowing polygamy as so many men had died in battle that multiple wives became a way of maintaining a population large enough to continue the war?
Here's the report -
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Wars and clan structure may explain
a strange biological event 7,000 years ago
". . .it's almost as if everyone in a clan has the same father."
Anthropologists and biologists were perplexed, but Stanford researchers now believe they've found a simple -- if revealing -- explanation. The collapse, they argue, was the result of generations of war between patrilineal clans, whose membership is determined by male ancestors.
The outlines of that idea came to Tian Chen Zeng, a Stanford undergraduate in sociology, after spending hours reading blog posts that speculated -- unconvincingly, Zeng thought -- on the origins of the "Neolithic Y-chromosome bottleneck," as the event is known. He soon shared his ideas with his high school classmate Alan Aw, also a Stanford undergraduate in mathematical and computational science.
"He was really waxing lyrical about it," Aw said, so the pair took their idea to Marcus Feldman, a professor of biology in Stanford's School of Humanities and Sciences. Zeng, Aw and Feldman published their results May 25 in Nature Communications.
A cultural culprit
It's not unprecedented for human genetic diversity to take a nosedive once in a while, but the Y-chromosome bottleneck, which was inferred from genetic patterns in modern humans, was an odd one.
- First, it was observed only in men -- more precisely, it was detected only through genes on the Y chromosome, which fathers pass to their sons.
- Second, the bottleneck is much more recent than other biologically similar events, hinting that its origins might have something to do with changing social structures.
Certainly, the researchers point out, social structures were changing. After the onset of farming and herding around 12,000 years ago, societies grew increasingly organized around extended kinship groups, many of them patrilineal clans -- a cultural fact with potentially significant biological consequences. The key is how clan members are related to each other. While women may have married into a clan, men in such clans are all related through male ancestors and therefore tend to have the same Y chromosomes. From the point of view of those chromosomes at least, it's almost as if everyone in a clan has the same father.
That only applies within one clan, however, and there could still be considerable variation between clans. To explain why even between-clan variation might have declined during the bottleneck, the researchers hypothesized that wars, if they repeatedly wiped out entire clans over time, would also wipe out a good many male lineages and their unique Y chromosomes in the process.
Computing clans
To test their ideas, the researchers turned to mathematical models and computer simulations in which men fought -- and died -- for the resources their clans needed to survive. As the team expected, wars between patrilineal clans drastically reduced Y chromosome diversity over time, while conflict between non-patrilineal clans -- groups where both men and women could move between clans -- did not.
Zeng, Aw and Feldman's model also accounted for the observation that among the male lineages that survived the Y-chromosome bottleneck, a few lineages underwent dramatic expansions, consistent with the patrilineal clan model, but not others.
Now the researchers are looking at applying the framework in other areas -- anywhere "historical and geographical patterns of cultural interactions could explain the patterns you see in genetics," said Feldman, who is also the Burnet C. and Mildred Finley Wohlford Professor.
Feldman said the work was a unusual example of undergraduates driving research that was broad both in terms of the academic disciplines spanned -- in this case, sociology, mathematics and biology -- and in terms of its potential implications for understanding the role of culture in shaping human evolution. And, he said, "Working with these talented guys is a lot of fun."
Story Source: Materials provided by Stanford University. Tian Chen Zeng, Alan J. Aw, Marcus W. Feldman. Cultural hitchhiking and competition between patrilineal kin groups explain the post-Neolithic Y-chromosome bottleneck. Nature Communications, 2018.
